Automatic gain control systems



c, w, HoYT ETAL 2,937,235

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AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS May 17, 1960 Filed May 1, 195e NN k .S4 @5H @a NN S h. Q S

2 Sheets-Sheet 2 c. w. HoYT ET AL May 17, 1960 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS Filed May 1. 1956 Mw f. am NN uw @w .w1 www m .E @T V Nu.

QMS VIM? @w .h Nmwmw" T Q N Iwillllllm Qmww Nwkm m .w ml QWIIINMIIIINKIII l Il... NQ S N@ l Y 2,937,235 f' AUTOMATIC GAIN 'coN'rRoL SYSTEMS Clyde Warren Hoyt, Pennsauken, and `LuciusPonrler Thomas, Jr., Haddonfield, NJ., assignors to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware f Application May 1, 1956, saremo, 581,963 claims. (ci. ris-7.3)

The present invention relates to improvements in automatic gain control circuits for television receivers.

It is common practice in the design and construction of television receivers to provide an automatic gain control circuitv which controls the gain of the overall receiver as `an inverse function of received signal strength. By this means, receiver performance and picture quality are rendered more immuneV to changes in received signal strength. This automatic gain controlfunction is generally accomplished by developing a control Vvoltage which is a function of received signal strength'. v The control voltage, frequently referred to as an automatic gain control voltage, is applied to one or more ampliers handling received television signals in a manner which acts to decrease the gain of th'e receiver as the received signal strength increases. l Y" It has been proposed, as one means for developing the required automatic gain control voltage, to employ the average direct current ilow through the television receiver second detector. The magnitude of the direct current flow through second detector is, of course, a function of both 'the received signal intensity as well as the brightness or D.-C. component of the television scene to be reproduced. According to the lUnited States standards, a decrease in scene brightness w-ill produce a decrease in average current flow through the second detector of a television receiver in the same manner `as a reduction in the received signal intensity. To correct this, 'it has also been proposed to subtractively combine with the voltage derived from the second detector current flow, a voltage whchrepresents only the scene brightness or D.C. picture'component of the television signal. Under certain conditions, the resulting voltage represents only variations in the intensity, or peak topeak amplitude, of the received television radio carrier and is suitable for automatic gain control purposes.

. One convenientway of developing a correction signal which represents only scene brightness, is to sample the potential of a conventional synchronizing signal separator stage in which the grid-cathode current flow is depended upon to Vself bias the separator stage and establish the separating threshold. However, if the synchronizing signal separating stage is positioned in the receiver circuit at a point following the manual contrast control of the receiver, the correction voltage relied upon to cancel the scene component from the average signal derived from the Asecond detector, will vary as a function of contrast control setting. This will produce undesired variations in the automatic gain control voltage in the receiver and may result in either a reduction in signal to noise ratio oran overload Ycondition inthe receiver.

' The present inventionV overcomes the above disadvantage by providing means for controlling the nominal direct current value of the developed automatic 'gain control potential as a function of the manual contrast'control setting Iina television receiver insuch a way that un-r desired changes in automatic gain control voltage, otherice 2 wise Y due to manual contrast control settings, will be minimized.

In one form of the present invention applied to a television receiver of the type described, the actual voltage poses of understanding thisV embodiment of the present c usedyfor automatic'gain control purposes is made'up of what may be termed three distinct indicating potentials. The first represents the direct current value of the rectitled or demodulatedk carrier. The se'cond represents the brightness component of the video signal being received. The third depicts the relative setting of the manual contrast control in the receiver. These three potentials are so oombinedtoprovide a voltage which varies in magnitude substantially only in response to variations in the intensity of 'the received radio television carrier and as such is suitable 'for use as an automatic gain control potential.

A better understanding of the present invention will beobtained by reference to the following specification, especially when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a block diagram representation of one form of the present invention when embodied in a television receiver; .t f t Figure 2 is a graphical representation of certain electricalwa-veforms typically encountered in the practice of the present invention; and l Figure 3 is a combination block and schematic representation showing another form of the present vinvention as it may be practiced in a television receiver;

Turning now to Figure l, there is shown at 10 a conventional television tuner operatively connected with a receiving antenna 12. Output signal from` the television tuner is conventionally applied to anintermediate frequency amplifier 14 which is in-.turn operatively coupled to a conventional amplitude detector demodulator 16. Dern'odulatedvideo Vsignalappearing at the output of the detector 16 is in turnl applied to the video ampl-iiierAlS which is Vconnected for'dn'ving the kinescope 20. The amplified demodulated video signal appearing at the 'output of the amplifier V18 is also applied to a conventional synchronizing signal separator circuit L22. The output of separator circuit 22 is applied for controlling the timing of deflection circuits 24 yoperatively connected with the. Vdellectionv yoke 26 surrounding kinescopelt).

28 'may be thought of as any means for controlling the gain of video amplifier 18 so that the amplitude of the l signal applied to-the kinescope 20 will besuitably controlled. v Y U ln accordance with prior art practice, scene brightness detecting means 29 is operatively coupled with the output` of the video amplifier-18 to develop a signal at terminal 30 which is a function of the brightness componentV (or D.C. picture information) in the received television signal. rlfhe scene brightness detecting means 2 9 maybe nothing more than a D.C. restorer circuit means well known-in the art. Other block elements described lthus farrin connection with Figure 1 are also well known in the art., v In more particularity, it will be seen that the television tuner 10 and the intermediate frequency amplifier 14 haveV been provided with respective automatic gain control voltage input terminals 36 and 38 respectively. For purinvention, it will be assu-med that the automatic vgain controlwoltageyto be applied to terminals 36 and 3.8is conventionally negative with respect to circuit ground and that it becomes more negative as signal intensity increases.

The automatic gainw'control voltage developed for this purpose is primarily dependent on the average output potential of the amplitude detector d'emodulator 16. As well known in the art, the average output voltage of an amplitude detector used in demodulating amplitude modulated radio carriers, is a direct function of the intensity of the received signal. If the polarity of signal demodulation provided by the detector 16 is such that the potential at the output lterminal 40 is generally negative with respect to circuit ground, the potential at 40 may be filtered via the resistor 42 and the Vcapacitor 44 taken in combination with resistor 46 and capacitor 48 to provide a voltage at terminal 50 which represents the average potential at terminal 40.

The character of the signal applied to the input of the amplitude detector demodulator 16 is, byway of example, illustratedin Figure 2a. Figure 2a shows a carrier signal 52 amplitude modulated by a video signal envelope. The

envelope comprises a blanking component 54, a synchrothe form shown in Figure 2b but of opposite polarity.

That is, the demodulated synchronizing component 56a will actually extend in a negative going direction. The dotted line 60 illustrates the A.-C. axis of the video signal envelope Whereas the dotted line 62 depicts the average D.C. value of the potential at terminal 40. The line 64 represents circuit ground or zero volts as an arbitrary reference. Should the received signal intensity become greater, the average negative potential at terminal 40 will increase. The average negative potential at terminal 40 will also increase if the brightness component of the received television signal decreases as in the case of a darker picture. A demodulated video signal representing a darker picture is shown in Figure 2c. Contrariwise, should the received picture information correspond to a whiter scene, the Waveform in Figure 2d is representative. Thus, under the conditions of va white scene, the average potential at terminal 40 will become less negative. It, therefore, appears that the potential at terminal 50, which is a ltered version of the potential at terminal 40, does not by itself constitute a desirable automatic gain control voltage. This is because either an increase in signal strength or a decrease in scene brightness will produce a reduction in the gain of the television receiver.

In accordance with prior art arrangements, a scene brightness detecting means 29 may be connected with the output of the video amplifier 1S to develop a voltage at terminal 30 which becomes more negative as the television scene becomes whiter and contrariwise, more positive (less negative) as the scene becomes darker. This statement is, vof course, predicated upon the delivery to the detecting means 29 of a video signal Iwhich does not, because of automatic gain control action, change appreciably in peak to peak value as a function of changes in the received signal strength. If, then, the output voltage of terminal 30 is mixed through resistor 66 with the output voltage at terminal 50 in the proper proportions, the scene component of the received television signal can be combined in an out-of-phase sense with the voltage at terminal 50 so that the resulting automatic gain control potential is representative only of changes in the relative strength of the received radio television carrier.

The voltage mixing arrangement just described in connection with Figure l is adequate to provide a useful automatic gain control voltage at terminal 50 for a given setting of the contrast control 28 'of the video amplifier 18. If, however, the television receiver operator reduces the gain of the video amplifier 1S in order to reduce the contrast of the scene` produced on the kinescope 20, the peak-to-peak amplitude of signal applied to the brightness detecting means 29 will be reduced. This will produce at terminal 30 a potential change in the direction corresponding to the reception of a whiter picture. The

potential at terminal 30, under the assumed conditions described, will then become less negative` This Will allow the potential at terminal 5t) to become less negative and the receiver gain will be undesirably increased.

To correct for this undesirable change in receiver gain in accordance with the present invention, means 31 is provided for developing an indicating voltage which represents the gain control setting of the contrast control 28. By Iway of example, means 31 has been shown as a resistor having a movable tap32 mechanically coupled (as indicated by dottedline 34) to the controlling element of the contrast` controll 23. Thel tap 32 yis connected through resistor 33 to resistor 46. L i

In the operation of the' present invention, it will be seen that as the contrastcontrol 28 is adjusted to reduce the gain of the video amplifier 18, potential available at terminal 32 is caused torbecome more negative. This assumes that the arm 32 on the potentiometer 31 will be moved to the right (in the drawings) asthe contrast control 28 is adjusted to reduce the gain of the video amplitier 18. In accordance with the present invention, this increase in the negative indicating voltage at thearm 32 attending a manually imposed reduction in the gain of the video amplig'er 18, is caused to produce a sufiicient negative increase of the potential at terminal 50 to correct for the undesired positive swing of the potential at terminal 50 due to the reduced amplitude of signal delivered to the scene brightness detecting means 29. In this manner, the net automatic gain control potential appearing at terminal 50 will be rendered independent of contrast control adjustment.

In the arrangement just described, it may be helpful to consider that the desired correcting action of the present invention involves the careful combining of three separate potentials, each of which may be thought of as an indicating potential. The lirst indicating potential is the average direct current component of the signal delivered by the detector 16. The second indicating potential, the direct current potential developed by the scene brightness detecting means 29 and the third indicating potential is the voltage developed at tap 32 of the potentiometer 31. The three potentials are combined to form a net potential suitable for use as an automatic gain control voltage for the amplifiers 1t? and 14.

`In Figure 3, the operation of the present invention may be more clearly understood in connection With a particular circuit following out therconcepts ofthe present invention as discussed in connection with Figure 1. Turning now to the arrangement of Figure 3, a television tuner 1i?, antenna 12 and intermediate frequency amplifier 14 having automatic gain control voltage input terminals 36 and 3S are shown. lThese are substantially identical to the corresponding elements of Figure l. Circuitry within the dotted line areas of VFigure 3 corresponds to forms of circuitry suitable for use in the correspondingly numbered solid line blocks of Figure l. In Figure 3, however, output signal from -the intermediate frequency amplifier 14 is specifically shown to be inductively coupled via the transformer 68 to a diode amplitude detector demodulator based upon the diode 70. A demodulator load circuit for the diode 70 is shown comprising inductor 72, resistor 74, inductor r76 and capaictor 78. The direction of classical electric current 'How through the demodulator load circuit is shown by the arrow 80. This, of course, is opposite to the direction of actual electron current flow'. Demodulated video signals are extracted from the-load circuit at ter.-l

minal 82 and capacitively coupled by a capacitor 84 to the control electrode of the video amplifier tube 86. The

pliier 86. This source of potential has not been shown and is provided with a positive terminal shown at 102 and a negative terminal (not shown) which is connectedv with circuit ground. Amplified video signal from the ampliiier 86 is capacitively coupled via capacitor 104 to the cathode 106 of a kinescope shown in part at 108. The video signal for the kinescope 108 is extracted from the load circuit at point 110 therein. Video signal appearing at the point 110 is also coupled through the time constant circuit 112 and capacitor 114 to the control electrode 116 of a sync separatorV tube v118. Output signal from the sync separator 118 is capacitively coupled through capacitor 120 to conventional television deflection circuits indicated by the box 122. deflection signals are shown connected to the deflec tion yoke 124 associated with the kinescope 108.

The cathode 126 of thek video amplifier 86 is shown connected to a tapped potentiometer 128 having a movable tap 130. Frequency compensating network means comprising capacitor 132 and resistor 134. are connected with the potentiometer 128 as shown. As hereinafter described, the potentiometer 128 acts in part as a manu ally adjustable contrast control for the receiver corresponding to element 28 of Figure 1.

The average D.C. potential appearing at point 82 in Vthe diode detector circuit is communicated via lead 136 to a voltage divider comprising resistance elements 138,

140, 142 and y144 to a source of ground referenced.

potential (not shown) having a positive terminal at 146. Automatic gain control voltage for the RF portion of the tuner is extracted from the bleeder network at terminal 148. A diode 150 is connectedfrom terminal 148 to circuit ground through a resistor 152. The diode 150 acts as a conventional clamping means to prevent the-automatic gain control potential applied to the RF portion of the television tuner from ever becoming positive with respect "to circuit ground. From point 82 in :the diode load circuit and specifically from the upper extremity of resistorr138, a resistor 154 is connected through lead 156 and lead 158 to AGC terminal 38 of the intermediate frequency amplifier 14. By this means, automatic gain control voltage is applied to terminal 38 of the intermediate frequency amplifier 14.

As will be explained in more detail hereinafter, a resistor 160 is connected from the controlv electrode 116 of the synchronizing signal separating tube 118 to point 162 of the resistive bleeder circuit previously described. Also from the left hand extremity of the resistor 160, a resistor' 164 is connected via leads 166 and'158to terminal 38 of the intermediate frequency amplifier 14'. A capacitor 168 is connected from the bottommost extremity of resistor 164 to circuit ground to denne at least in part the time constant characteristic of theautomatic gain control circuit.

It will also be noted that, in accordance with the present invention, a connection 170 is made from terminal 172 of potentiometer 128 tothe junction 174 between T resistors 142 and 144,

In considering the operation of 'the embodiment shown in Figure 3, it will be helpful to refer back to thearfrangement of Figure 1. lIt will be seen that the diode" 70 and its associated load circuit (Figure 3) is equiva lent to the amplitude detector demodulator 16 (Figure 1). Likewise, the video amplifier 86 (Figure 3)cor responds to the video'ampliiier 18 (Figure 1). The potentiometer 128 (Figuren) corresponds to the c ontrast control Y28 (Figure 1 Kinescope 108 (Figur `e 3) corresponds to the kinescope (Figure 1). The bleeder resistors 138, 140, 142 etc. (Figure 3) correspond in function to resistors 42, 46 and 33 (Figure 1). Y The function ofpotentiorneter 31 (Figure 1)`Y will be seen to be provided in Figure 3 by 'a voltage dividing action taken in connectionwithtapped resistor 128 of Figurel 3. The scene brightness ldetecting means of Figure 1 is shown in Figure 3 as constituted by a self biasing fea- Developed l the automatic gain control potentialrdeveloped at ter-l vthe diode load circuit associated with diode in the direction of the arrow 80. Consequently, the terminal 82 will tend to become negative with respect to circuit ground in response to an increase in received signal intensity. However, as previously considered in connection with Figures 1 and 2, should, for a given intensity of received radio carrier, the picture content of the transmitted picture become darker, the average negative potential at terminal ,82 will increase. IF automatic gain control terminals 36 and 38 are communicated to terminal 82 through the resistor network 138, 140, 142, 144 and' 154, it will be seen that the gain of the receiver would normallyA tend to be reduced both for an increase in received carrier intensity (as is desirable) and a decrease in the brightness in the picture being transmitted (as is undesirable). `In accordance with the general principles understood in the prior art, this undesirable change n the automatic gain control voltage due to picture brightness information is cor rected by mixing a voltage derived from the control electrode of the sync separator tube 118 with the voltage developed at terminal 82 of the detector. The voltage at the control electrode V116 of the sync separator tube 118 is negative with respect to circuit ground. This is due to grid-cathode conduction in the sync septrator tube produced by the positive going synchronizing pulse component of the video signal appearing at terminal 110.

'The magnitude of the voltage at the control electrode- 116 will, assuming a constant amplitude of received signal carrier to the detector 70, be a sole function of the brightness component in the received television signal. Referring back to Figure 2d for example, the v-negative voltage developed on the control electrode 116 will be directly proportional to the potential ditference between the peak of the synchronizing pulse 176 and the alternating current axis r178 of the video component. Should the scene content become darker, the character Aof the signal applied Vto the control electrode116 will appear more like that shown in Figure 2c. Consequently, the negative voltage at terminal 116 will decrease for a darker picture andvincrease for a bright picture. This general response is opposite Vto the above described undesired change 'in the potential of the detector terminal 82. Thus, by communicating the negative potentialat rter-` minal 116 through resistor 160 to terminal 162 on the resistor network, the voltage at terminal 148 may be made substantially independent of scene brightness content. Likewise, resistor 164 can communicate a corresponding potential to terminal 38 so that the potential at this point will be independent of scene brightness.

With the above arrangement, it will be understood that minals 36 and 38 of the RF and4 Hi ampliners can be `made independent of scene brightness by properly bal' ancing resistance values in the'circuit. This assumes, of`

cou-rse, a 'fixed gain between thedetector circuit and the input circuit of the synchronizing separator 118. However, it is common practice .to Yinclude gain control means l automatic gain control voltagel applied to the RF and IFy amplifiers.

Since the RF and In accordance with the present invention, this undesired change in automatic gain control voltage due to manual adjustment of the tap 130 on the resistor 128 is compensated by the connection 170 between point 172 on the potentiometer 128 and point l74 in lthe resistor network. With the connection 170 as shown, a bleeder network will be established from the positive potential terminal 146 through resistor 144 and the bottom portion of the potentiometerlZS. As the movable tap i3() is moved to reduce degeneration in and increase the gain of the amplifier 86, the potential at terminal 174 will be caused to become more positive. By properly balancing the resistance values of the element shown, this positive increase in the potential at terminal 174 can be such to correct for the increase in negative potential provided by the sync separator grid 116-attributable to theincreased gain of and greater amplitude signal delivered by the amplifier S6.

Purely by way of example of one set of resistance values which will provide the desired correcting'action in the arrangement of Figure 3 is submitted as follows. The numbers following the resistor symbol R correspond to the numbered elements in the drawing and described above.

R74=390O ohms R128=3000 ohms `R138=22(),000 ohms R140: 82,000V ohms R142=820,000 ohms R144=68,000 ohms R154=680,000 ohms 'Rl6ll=2,2 megohms Rl64=l.2 megohms Having thus described the invention,rwhat is claimed l. yIn a television receiver for receiving, demodulating and transducing a standard television radio carrier into a visible television image, said television carrier being modulated with a video signal having an average brightness component which defines the overall brightness of the television picture yto be reproduced, variations in brightness in the television image to be reproduced being defined by changes in theaverage value of received carrier-intensity, the combination of: automatic gain control means included in said receiver for varying fthe overall gain of said receiver as a function of radio carrier intensity, said automatic gain control means being responsive to an automatic gain control voltage; a demodulator circuit operatively coupled in said receiver to demodulate a television radio carrier signal into a video signal having adirect current potential component and an alternating current Wave component,'the magnitude of said direct current potential component being representative of both the desired scene brightness as Well as theintensity of the receivedradio carrier; means coupled with said demodulator circuit for developing al first indicating potential in response to the direct current component of said video signal as provided-by said demodulator circuit; a video signal amplifier means operatively coupled with said demodulator for accepting and amplifying at least the alternating current component of said demodulated video signalga peak detecting'means alternating current coupledY with said demodulatingl means through said amplifier means for developing a second direct current indicating potential which for agiven signal intensity varies substantially only withpioture brightness information; manual gain control means operatively connected with said amplier such that the amplitude of signal applied to said detecting means may be manually adjusted; voltagedeveloping means including a direct current source operatively coupled with said gain control means for developing a third direct current indicating potential representing the manual gain control setting of said gain-,control means; means operatively combining said first, second and third indicating potentials to produce a net voltage whose value is substantially,independent of the setting of said manual gain control means and otherwise represents substantially only thetintensity of received radio carriergand means applying said net voltage to said automatic gain control means as an automatic gain control voltage therefor.

2. In a television receiving system for transducing standard radio television signals into a visible television image, said radio signals comprising a carrier amplitude modulated with a complex television signal including a synchronizing component, a'blanking component and a video component, the signal level difference between the alternating current axis of said complex signal and the peak of either said blanking component or said synchronizing component substantially depicting the average brightness of the television scene represented by said complex signals, the combination of: means connected in said receiver for rectifying received carrier signals amplitude modulated by said complex television signal to produce demodulated video signals having a direct currentcomponent and an alternating current component, the value o'f said direct current component representing both the strength of said carrier as applied to said rectifying means the average brightness of the television scene represented by said complex television signal; controllable gain ainplifying means operatively connected with said rectifying means for driving said rectier with received television carrier signals, said amplifying means having at least one gain control terminal for accepting control potential for controlling'the gain of said amplifying means; means operatively applying the direct Vcurrent potentialV component of said demodulated television signal to said amplifying means gain control terminal with such electrical sense as to decrease the gain of said amplifying means in response to' both an increase in the intensity of received television carrier signal and a decrease in the average brightness of said television scene; video signal amplifying means operatively-coupled with said rectifying means for amplifying said demodulated video signals; manual gain control means operatively connected with said 'video signal amplifying means to control the peak to peak amplitude o'f the video signal delivered by said video signal amplifying means; rectifying means alternating current coupled with said video signal amplifying means to develop a rst direct current indicating potential, the value of which is a function of both the Vpeak to peak amplitude of said amplified video signals and the average Vbrightness of said television scene; means operatively combining said first direct current indicating .potential with the potential applied to said gain control terminal in such electrical relation thereto as to produce a resultant potential at said gain control terminal in which variations attributable to changes in the average brightness component of said television scene are reduced; means opera-V tively coupled with said manual gain control means to develop a second direct'current indicating potential representing the gain setting of said manual gain control VVmeans; -and means operatively combining'said second direct current indicatingpotential with the resultant po- `tentialappearing at said gain control terminal with such electrical sense as to render the gain lcontrol o'f said sion scene represented by said complex signal, the combination of: means converting received radio television signals into corresponding superheterodyne intermediate frequency signals; intermediate frequency amplifier means operatively coupled with said converting means for amv having a terminal for accepting said control potential for I controlling the gain of said amplifier means; means coupled with said intermediate frequency amplifier means for demodulating amplified intermediate frequency signalsto produce a video signal having al direct current potential component and an alternating current potential component, the value of saidv direct current component representing both the strength of the carrier signal applied to said receiver and the average brightness of the television scene depicted by the complex television signal modulating said radio carrier; direct current signal transducing means operatively coupled between said demodulating means and the gain control terminal of said gain co'ntrol means for applying to said gain control terminal the direct current potential component of said demodulated intermediate frequency signal with such an electrical sense that an increase in the intensity of the received radio carrier signals will produce a reduction in the gain of said intermediate frequency amplifier to a degree tending to maintain the amplitude of intermediate frequency signal to said demodulating means substantially constant over a wide range of radio carrier signal intensities, the gain o'f said amplifier means being likewise undesirably reduced in response to a decrease in the average brightness of the television scene depicted by said complex television signal; image reproducing means for accepting a video signal and transducing said video signal into a visible television image; means ,operatively coupling V'said video amplifier between said demodulatng means and said image producing means for driving said image producing means with amplified video' signal; manual gain control means operatively connected with said video amplifier means for controlling the amplitude of signals applied to said image producing means; rectifying means for accepting an alternating current signal and producing a direct current indicating potential representing amplitude of applied signal as well as the difference in level between the peak amplitude of said signal and the alternating current axis thereof; alternating current coupling means connected from said video amplifier to said rectifying means for rectifying amplified video signal to develop a rst direct current indicating potential representing both the amplitude of video signal coupled thereto and the average brightness of the television scene to be produced; direct current signal transducing means operatively applying said first indicating potential to said gain control terminal with such an electrical sense that decrease in the average brightness of the television scene tends to increase the gain of said intermediate frequency amplifier; means operatively coupled with said manual gain control means for producing a second direct current indicating potential representing the gain control setting of said manual gain control means; and direct current signall transducing means operatively coupling said second indicating potential to said gain control terminal with such an electrical sense as to decrease the gain of said intermediate frequency amplifier in response to a manual increase in the gain of said video amplifier. l

4. In a television receiving system for transducing standard radio television signals into a visible television image, said radio signals comprising a carrier amplitude peak of either said blanking component or said synchronizing component substantially depicting the average brightness of the television scene represented by said complexNsignals, the combination of: means providing a circuit' ground against which signals as hereinafter defined may be electrically referenced; means connected in said receiver for demodulating received television radio carrier signals to produce a video signal so polarized that said synchronizing component thereof extends in a negative direction with respect to said circuit ground, said f 4demodulate'd video signal having a direct current comv-ponent representing both the strength of the received radio carrier and the average brightness of the televisiony scene represented by the received television sginal;rcon trollable gain amplifying means operatively connected with said demodulating means for driving said demodulating means with received television carrier signals, said amplifying means having at least one gain control terminal for acceptingfa gain control potential negatively polarized with respect to said circuit ground for the purpose of controlling the gain of said amplifying means; means operatively" connected with saiddemodulating means for developing a first indicating potential negative with respect to said circuit ground, the magnitude of which is a function of the direct current component of said demodulated video signal such that the negative value of said first indicating potential increases in re-v sponse to both an increase in the intensity of received television carrier signals and a decrease in the average brightness of a television scene represented by said video signal;

a video signal amplifier comprising a vacuum tube havl ing at least an anode, cathodeand control electrode; an

input circuit coupled between said control electrode and cathode; a capacitor operatively coupled between said demodulator means and said control electrode for driving said control electrode with video signal; a source of positive'potential referenced to said circuit ground; a first resistor connected from said cathode to said source of positive potential; a movable tap operatively associated with said first resistor and direct current connected with said circuit ground so that the value of resistance between said cathode and circuit ground may be manuallyvaried; output 1circuit means including anode polarizing means connected between said anode and circuit ground for developing .an amplified video signal having the syn- A tube control electrode andv circuit ground to form a time 1 constant charging network with said capacitor whereby a negativevoltage is developed at said separator tube control electrode depicting the brightness component of received television signals; a third resistor connected from said separator tube ycontrol electrode to said gain control terminal for combining the negative voltage developed at said separator tube control electrode with the l voltage appearing at said gain control terminal; a fourth modulated with a complex television signal including a 'l resistor connected in series with said'source of positive potential and said first resistor to produce a voltage drop across said first resistor which is a function of the manual positioning of said movable tap; a fifth resistor connected between said fourth resistor and said gain control terminal suchY that'the voltage appearing at said gain control terminal is a function ofthe manual positioning of said movable tap on said first resistor; and separate y means operatively connected with the output circuits of both said video amplifier tube and said separator tube for utilizing the signals delivered thereby to produce a visible television image. Y Y

5. In a television receiver, the combination of:A acontrollable gain signalf'amplier for amplifying received television signals prior to demodulation, said controllable gainY ampliierfhaving a gain control terminal; a signal demodulator circuit operatively coupled With'said amplifying means to develop a video signal; a video amplifier operatively coupled with said demodulator means for amplifying demodulated video signals; a synchron-` izing signal separating circuit operatively connected withV the output of said video amplicr for accepting amplied video Asignals extending in a positive going polarity direction; means included in said synchronizing signal separator circuit for developing a negative voltage, the amplitude of which is a positive function of scene brightness; means operatively applying said developed negative voltage to said amplifying means gain control terminal; manual gain control means operatively connected with said video amplifier for controlling theamplitude of signal appliedV toksaid synchronizing signal separating circuit; Y

means operatively coupled with saidmanual gain control means for developing 'a potential which is a functon of the `manual `setting of said manual gain control means and resistance means operatively lconnected from said last namedmeans to said gain control terminal for combininlg said last named potential with theV potential developed by said synchronizing signal separator in such an electrical sense that the potential appearing at said gain control terminal is substantially independent of the manual gain control setting of said manual gain control means.

References Cited 'in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,230,295 Holmes f 11611.74, 1941 Y 2,606,247 Fyier Aug. 5, 1952 2,635,184 Cotsworth Apr. 14, 1953 

